BEST GRINDING PRACTICES FOR BETTER PERFORMANCE

Grinding is an internal part of many welding and fabrication applications. The grinding removes material, blend welds, shapes workpieces, and help prepare and clean surfaces, which can have a significant impact on the productivity, quality, and efficiency of welding jobs. Increasing the overall value of the labor put into a process can be done in two ways. The first is to ensure the product being used is right for the given application, which will improve productivity. Keeping the factors in mind, there are some product options, simple tips, and best practices that can help extend the life of the product and improve overall productivity.

SELECTING FROM A RANGE OF OPTIONS
Grinding all day is tough job and users are often looking for options to extend product life or increase grind rate, or combination of both. When demanding jobs must be done quickly and correctly, choosing the right product for the application can make a tremendous difference for the operator and the performance.

Grinding wheels and combination wheels are available in different performance tiers and compositions. Typically, those tiers are marketed as high performance (best), performance (better), and value (good) tiers. Within these general categories is a long list of specialty products, such as those designed not to contaminated stainless steel. Users need to think carefully about tools they use, the applications, the materials, the desired result, and their cost expectations so they can make the choice that is right for them.

Bonded abrasives- grinding and combination wheels for the purpose of this article- rely on a composition of the grain type, grain size, fiberglass, and bonding agents (resins and additive fillers) to determine performance via a given material.

Wheels come in a variety of grain types, including aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, zirconia alumina, ceramic alumina, and the combination of these materials. Bonded abrasive products made from different types of aluminum oxide are the most popular in the market and are good for many general purpose applications. Products made with a combination of ceramic and zirconia alumina, are higher priced in the market but will typically provide a better combination of overall life and material removal. This makes them a good choice for materials such as armored steel, structural steel, cast iron, and inconel.

Some bonded abrasive wheels developed for high performance feature a fiberglass layer that is cut back, which means the fiberglass layer on the face of the wheel is trimmed back. This exposes the grains to more aggressive grinding action at the initial point of contact. When the jobs call for grinding and cutting, a combination wheel is likely the best choice. Do some homework before buying one, though, because not all combination wheels are created equal. Understand how many layers of fiberglass are on the wheel and where they are located. Also, ask if the wheel is rated for cutting and grinding or just light grinding. Many products will not hold up to a true 50/50 combination of both, so pick the one that best fits the application needs. These are just some of the considerations in choosing the right combo wheel.

BEST RESULT FOR THE GRINDING PRACTICES
The type of product used can impact results in grinding applications. In addition, how the grinding wheel is used can also dramatically alter the results. Keep in mind some key tips and best practices to optimize outcomes in grinding.

Start with a pull-back motion: when beginning the grinding process, start with a pull-back motion rather than a push. This automatically sets the operator more level, so he or she is not digging into the materials as much. Starting with a pushing motion could result in digging into the material too much, especially if the work surface is uneven, which could require a costly and time- consuming repair.

Know the material: when grinding and cutting on general purpose steels, many product options will work, so try different products and see which one provides the best overall cost and performance value. When grinding stainless steel, look for a wheel labeled as INOX, which means its contaminant free and won't leave debris that may rust on the surface. This provides good performance and worry-free grinding on stainless steel.

Use optimal angle and pressure: typically, a grinding wheel should be used at a 15- to 35-degree angle to the work surface for the best performance. Pressure and how its applied is also important. The user should hold the grinder in a tight fixed position and use his or her body during the grinding motion instead of just the arms extending out, or so-called alligator arms. This allows for consistent pressure all the way through the grind and also helps avoid overworking the user's arms.

Match the size: when selecting the wheel size and material best suited for an application and the tool, operators can rely on manufacturer recommendations, product descriptions, and product rev/min rating to help make the choice. It's important to match the size and rev/min rating of the tool to the size and rev/min rating of the wheel for safe and effective usage. Always make sure the grinding wheel fits on the tool with the guard installed, and never remove the guard to put a larger diameter wheel on a tool.

Improving the productivity of the process and maximizing the labor put into that process can be done in several ways. These include changing the type of the product used and changing how a product is used. Knowing what product options are available and understanding they're intended use is an important part of getting the best results. Keeping these considerations in mind when selecting a bonded abrasive grinding wheel can help ensure the product is best suited for the application.

WHAT DOES A PIPING DESIGNER NEED TO KNOW?

Piping Designer the document refers and responsible for the overall plant layout, plot plan, equipment location, pipe routing, developments of the CAD models and the piping isometrics.

PIPE FITTINGS, FLANGES, AND VALVES
All designers know and understand the broad spectrum of items that make up the vocabulary of the piping language. This includes the many types of fittings, many different schedules, the wide variety of common piping materials, the flange class rating and the types function of the different value designs.

RELATIONSHIPS OF OTHER ENGINEERING GROUPS
All designers need to know and understand the relationships, activities, and contributions of other engineering groups on the total project. It includes Civil, Structural mechanical equipment, vessels, and tanks, Electrical and instruments/ control systems. These groups have responsibility for contributing piping success.

PIPING EXECUTION
All piping designer must understand how the piping design development is progressed successfully and is linked with P&ID, equipment layout, equipment vendor drawings, instrument vendor drawings, stress analysis and heat treatment, hydro testing and air testing, NDE examinations and pipe support.

PROCESS DOCUMENTS
Process engineering team prepared two major documents. These are PFD and P&ID. PFD is prepared by more experienced piping designer early in the project for plot plan development before availability of P& ID. P & ID's are used for all levels of piping activities, the design of the lines and possible to field follow up.

PROCESS VARIABLES
All designers must know and understand the four process variables Temperature, Pressure, level and flow. The instrumentation used to control or measure these variables.

PROCESS PLANT EQUIPMENT
All designers need to know and understand the type of types of equipment and list of piping related issues for each type of equipment. They must know which type of equipment has the nozzles fixed by the manufacturer and which type of types of equipment need to have the nozzle located properly. The designer also can understand the operational, maintenance, and construction/ installation issues for each type of equipment.

EQUIPMENTS OPERATION AND INTERNALS
All piping designer must understand the equipment process function and equipment internals. In order to orientation process and instruments nozzles/ connections and locate manhole, platform, ladder with cage and staircase access.

EQUIPMENT PIPING
All piping designer must understand the proper installation of pumps, compressions, heat exchanges, filters or any special equipments on a specific piping project.

ALLOCABLE PIPING SPANS
All piping designers can understand the span capabilities of pipe (for a different schedule) for a wide variety of common piping materials. When a new project introduces new materials and reduced the span options.

EXPANSION OF PIPE
All piping designers must understand all piping system as in alive. It has a temperature causes grow and move.

ROUTING FOR FLEXIBILITY
All piping designers must understand how to route the pipe for flexibility. It means that do not travel a pipe in a straight line from the origin to terminate.

WEIGHT AND LOADS ( line loads & dead loads)
All piping designers must understand the effect of weight and loading. They must recognize the concentrated load on the piping system weight and fluid weight.

STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS
All piping designers must understand the standards specifications of piping materials. The designer must be an intimate knowledge of the primary standards and specifications they will use.

VESSEL PIPING
All piping designers must understand the connecting members, supporting and guiding of pipe attached to the vessels and tanks. Nozzles loading and nozzles orientation are important and do have limitations.

RACK PIPING
All piping designers can understand that there is the logical or clear approach for the placements of pipe in a rack and be setting a rack elevation. In a pipe, the rack has multi decks are available. Another good guideline is obtained from the rack piping, process lines on the lower deck and utility lines on the upper deek. The spacing of the line is kept in a proper manner.

EXPANSION LOOPS
All piping designers must understand the methods of sizing loops in the pipe rack. The expansion loops are commonly used various sizes, schedules, and materials.

DESIGN PRODUCTION METHOD
All piping designers able to make all piping documents (sketches, layout, detailed piping plan, piping isometrics) by using different methods. The designer must be able to get to the site and make proper, intelligent and understandable piping sketch in front of a client. After that produce a final drawing with detailed measurements and make a wide range of electronic 2D or 3D design tools.

FABRICATION AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS
All piping designers must be able to understand about the shop fabrication like spool fabrication modularisation and field erection methods and able to vigilant in shop and field materials splits, shipping box sizes, field welds, and fit-up welds.

HEAT TRAINING
All piping designers must understand the different type heat tracing of line pipe ( jacketing, tracer tubing or electric)

DELIVERABLES
All piping designers must understand the deliverables like plot plans, key plans, piping plans and sections and isometrics.

DRAWING CONTENTS
All piping designers must understand about their drawing contents dimensioning practices. It needs to clear communications to construction personnel.
The team piping designer refers that the person responsible for the overall plant layout, plot plan, equipments location, pipe routing, development of the CAD models and piping isometrics. It does not refer piping materials and stress engineer. They are involved in the design of a piping system.

WHAT IS PIPING ENGINEERING LEAD NEED TO KNOW?

Piping engineering guides the person who has their duties and responsibility for all piping engineering and designing activities as a procedure plant project. The duties and responsibilities of the PEL are depending upon the Engineering company, The client for the project, the type of the project and project performance philosophy and the construction philosophy.

The following are the activities of PEL and responsibilities.

1. Participate the proposal team in pre-bid meeting with client and proposal development.
2. Exploring the physical scope of the piping effort for the project.
3. Preparing total labor hour estimate for the piping effort.
4. Preparing the total cost of estimated piping items.
5. Preparing overall piping discipline, coordinated and compatible with other engineering disciplines
6. Total activities of piping plan
7. Preparing data records for total engineering disciplines
8. Maximum use of resources (manpower)
9. Awareness expenditure for people or works.
10. Great accurate status report.
11. Periodically proper project completion and close out.

ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Each and every PEL person should accept the role and responsibilities of the position. This position is the most top position in the piping design. The position is the most top position in each discipline. There is normally seven discipline on a major process plant project. A Sevier person is led up to each discipline.

DIPLOMACY

The PEL is doing direct contact with many other engineering groups. PEC needs to be able to understand the roles of each group and able to discuss mutual needs and contributions.

CO-ORDINATIONS

All discipline leaders need to know about their own responsibilities and coordinate each group for successful implementation and contributions of piping.

COACHING

During the project, any technical problems will be raised from any disciplines, the PEL should be assigned to solve the problem.

ORGANISATION

PEL needs to organize every aspect of the piping project. It includes communication, space, computers, and staff.

CHEERLEADER

The duty of Cheer Leader is to motivate all members of the piping groups from the first day to the last day of the project.

GENERAL

General means to take a charge. Provide directly to make subgroups of the piping and give all the pieces of information and advise.

PLANNER/VISIONARY

The first most important responsibilities of PCL is making knowledge about how to develop a project scope of work (SOW). SOW is aims 'Target'. Developing a sow requires the ability takes place from start to finish of the project and requires the ability to see into the future.

ESTIMATOR

The estimator is the supervisor of the four subgroups need to be able to develop definitive labor hour or man hours for all activities of the project. This labor hour is approved by the project client.

SCHEDULE

The schedule also needs to be able to develop a definitive control level schedule for all the activities.

IMPORTANCE OF PIPING INSPECTION

These are the very important aspects or a summary of points for the process piping inspection and should not be assumed as the entire piping inspection procedure.

A piping inspection procedure is a universal document, which needs to enclose inspection methods to be employed, the usage of types of equipment and materials etc.

These are the following points for the service in piping inspections system.

• To generate the piping inventory list indicating the pipe specification class, line number, rating, schedule, pipe origin location (from) and pipe destination location (to)

• To generate piping isometric sketches to forward inspection and the recording of corrosion monitoring locations (CMLs)

• Dividing the whole unit of piping into piping circuits based on the process of their condition and potential degradation mechanism

• Select the appropriate NDE techniques for each piping circuit based on the circuit damage mechanism

• Identification of CMLs points in piping isometric sketches based on the potential for general or localized corrosion and service-specific damage mechanisms
  

STEP INTO DYNAMIC CAREER WITH MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING METHOD

The global of NDT is the very confusing place, even for the most experienced Technicians/Engineers. So many methods, certification and so much accountability and responsibility for companies and individuals alike.

Magnetic particle testing is one of the most important non-destructive testing techniques used by many industries.This testing recognizes the interior imperfections in ferromagnetic substances like cobalt, and some of their alloys, iron, and steel etc. This is only one of the little kinds of Non-destructive testing skill and is so named since the materials and products are analyzed or study without equipment casualty. From the element in bridges to high performance, magnetic particle testing is used to identify the defective parts before they are put to use. Using the wrong implementation to match the component is the main source of incorrect testing. To understand the main problems relating to magnetic particle testing may go a long way toward allowing repeat phenomenon. The only requirements are that the product inspected must be made of ferromagnetic materials. We are offering Magnetic Particle Testing NDT training courses in our center.

How does magnetic particle testing work?

The concept is literally simple. Any metal or object that is magnetized will be surrounded by an invisible magnetic field. If there is any defect – like crack, space or a hole in the metal object the defect will cause an interference in the magnetic field. Magnetic particle testing allows you to get clearly see that disruption and then identify the defect.

Which Equipment is used for Magnetic Particle Testing?

These are the types of equipment which are used for magnetic particle testing
Whether equipment for wet or dry method
Magnetization requirements (AC or DC)
Demagnetization- incorporated or separate unit
Degree of automation
Amperage required
Line voltage requirements
Air supply requirement
Accessories needed or required.

Which Industries can use magnetic particle inspection?

1.  Structural steel industry
2. Petrochemical industry
3.   Aerospace industry
4.  Power generation industry
5. Automotive industry

Certification

In order to perform NDT extensively in all industrial applications, certification is mandatory. The certification is made in line with SNT-TC-1A of ASNT which is explained in detail.
ASNT- AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
SNT-TC-1A- Society for Non-destructive testing(SNT)
                     Technical Council (TC)
                     First Document(1A)
The document published by ASNT provides guidelines for the establishment of qualification and certification program. This will help the candidates in qualifying, a person engaged in any of the NDT methods. This is not a strict specification. So this can be modified according to the requirements.

What are the levels of qualification

There are three levels of qualification. They are
NDT LEVEL-1
NDT LEVEL-2
NDT LEVEL-3

Target consumers

The usage of Magnetic particle testing is at some point in a manufacturing life cycle from an introductory form of the ingots to the finishing wrought or welded products after the item has been placed in service.

Customer service

The involvement of modern industry and the requirement for secure and more genuine products and equipment dictates the utilization of fabrication and testing methodology that protect maximum reliability. Magnetic particle testing can be applied properly provide:

1. Increased product usage and reliability
2. Identifying problems at the right time to improved production processes so that they can be corrected properly
3. To minimize the costs in terms of so many returned items and to make changes in that items.
4. Quality improvement

Why attend this course?

Candidates should have the opportunity to utilize a huge diversification of materials, castings, welds, and products on this academic and practical course. This course is highly suitable for beginners and also NDT experienced candidates.We are also provide excellent training and preparation for examinations.

TRENDS AND CHALLENGES FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

The last decade has seen tremendous advances in technology related to finding, estimating, and producing oil and gas. A decade ago, many of these technologies would have seemed like scenes from a Sci-Fi novel. But today, they are realities. They range from supercomputers to nanotechnology.

The Digital Oilfield
Imagine an oilfield where all the components integrate and communicate constantly on a platform from which companies can manage, measure, and track all of the data coming from all over the oilfield.
Instruments constantly read data from wellheads, pipelines, and mechanical systems.
Information is evaluated by computers, which send analytics to real-time operations centers that fine-tune oil flows to optimize production and reduce downtimes, cutting operating costs by up to 25 percent while improving productivity by five percent.
The investment to make this happen is occurring now. According to Oil and Gas Investor, total upstream energy IT support spending is about $0.25 per barrel of oil. Experts at Booz Allen Hamilton believe digital oilfield technologies could increase the net present value of oil and gas assets by 25 percent.
The last decade has seen tremendous advances in technology related to finding, estimating, and producing oil and gas. A decade ago, many of these technologies would have seemed like scenes from a Sci-Fi novel. But today, they are realities. They range from supercomputers to nanotechnology.

The New Normal

The days of so-called “easy” or conventional oil are dwindling; so the oil and gas industry has focused on developing technological solutions, thereby increasing the world’s producible reserves and creating the “new normal” of exploration and production. Oil companies of all sizes have used technology to find quantities of oil and natural gas so substantial that worries about running out have dissipated. Here are some of the technologies that are making that possible:
Development of the Subsea Oilfields — Subsea oil and gas technology is advancing to meet the requirements of increasingly demanding production environments: deeper water, greater distances from shore, and higher reservoir temperatures and pressures. Oil companies are cognizant of the risks and rewards. Over 100,000 people attended the Offshore Technology Conference in 2013, a multi-day conference focused on drilling rigs, remote underwater vehicles, and crew safety. At the conference this year, Dr. Phaneedra Kondapi, an adjunct professor of subsea engineering at the University of Houston, presented findings that moving fluid processing to the floor of the sea was the most sought-after technology being developed and improved today. Moving processing to the ocean floor reduces infrastructure costs and production costs, greatly improving return on investment.
The Shale Play — Exploitation of shale basins using hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) and horizontal drilling techniques has pushed U.S. crude output to its highest level since 1989. The resurgence in production helped the U.S. meet 87 percent of its energy needs in the first five months of 2013, on pace to be the highest annual rate since 1986, according to the Energy Information Administration. These techniques have changed the risk profile of drilling for oil and gas. For example, in the Bakken there is a 99 percent success rate of finding producible oil. With this success rate, rigs are used like a sewing machine putting together a patchwork quilt, just moving from section to section drilling a well and then moving to the next patch. Large shale basins in other countries have yet to be developed. As they begin to be developed, we can expect the supply and demand curve for oil and gas to be impacted.

Enhanced Oil Recovery — Conventional production recovers approximately 35 percent of the original oil in place. The rest remains trapped in the rock. Boosting oil recovery could unlock around 300 billion barrels of oil, according to the International Energy Agency. New techniques of unlocking that trapped oil are being developed, such as steam or chemicals tailored to the properties of the rock and gas. These techniques are being used on older fields, where the exploration and drilling risks are minimal and the infrastructure to get oil and gas to market is already in place. This reduces the risk and the infrastructure cost, making it an attractive investment.
4D Seismic Technology
The expense of exploration in deeper waters and the value of residual oil in existing fields are among the drivers of seismic technology development.The size and scale of seismic surveys has increased alongside the increases in computing power during the last 25 years. 3D technology looks at oil and gas reserves as if it is a cube with height, width, and depth. 4D technology adds time as a component, which shows how a reservoir will change over time.
Workforce Challenges
The oil and gas industry is facing a shrinking talent pool for those with specialized expertise. A large percentage of the individuals who have the institutional and technological “know-how” of their organization’s specific risks and operations are looking toward retirement. Nearly 90 percent of senior human resources executives at 22 top international oil and gas companies believe this problem is one of the top business issues facing their companies1. The chart on the following page illustrates the average years of industry experience by discipline area.
As such, many oil and gas companies are undertaking strategic initiatives to attract a new generation of workers, including increasing salaries, offering attractive perks, and aggressively recruiting and training. The companies are eager to identify key university programs, offer scholarships and sponsorships for top students and their respective universities, and actively participate in conferences and training workshops.
Salary and Wage Increases
As the global energy demand has steadily increased, the competition for talent among top energy companies has also increased. As a result, employees’ salary packages for skilled labor have seen an upward trend over the last several years, a trend that is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. According to a recent survey of oil and gas personnel performed by Hays, Plc., approximately 65 percent of the respondents experienced annual salary increases with over 50 percent of the increases being in excess of five percent. Going forward, the number of employees receiving salary increases per year between five percent and 10 percent is expected to increase approximately 30 percent, while the number of employees receiving salary increases of more than 10 percent is expected to increase approximately 28 percent.
Oil and Gas Courses in Kerala

NON – DESTRUCTIVE TESTING EQUIPMENT MARKET IN A STEADY GROWTH

The nondestructive testing (NDT) equipment market in India is having a steady growth , according to the latest analysis by Frost & Sullivan. By the demand of end-user industries, such as automotive, aerospace,transportation, military and defense, will be the main factors of market revenues as rapid industrialization in the country makes NDT equipments indispensable. Further, developments in the infrastructure of road and the building of oil reservoirs, pipelines, refineries and nuclear power plants, offers huge opportunities for NDT equipment vendors, the analysis states.

The establishment of safety norms, quality assurance,precautionary measures, and regulations by the government boosts the NDT market segment as it is critical for establishments to provide safety assurance and procure trouble-free license approvals.In particular NDT equipment for inspection in the nuclear industry, is expected to gain a strong foothold during the forecast period.

Further, regular assessment strategies enforced to maintain ageing infrastructure and improve cost-effectiveness by optimizing its useful life supports the use of NDT equipment. For instance use of NDT helps to reduce investment in new resource procurements by testing old, navy ships,high-pressure vessels, aircraft and railway coaches for refurbished use.

"Over the last decade ,India has become a hub for third-party inspection services .More than 700 companies are offering inspection services across product segments encouraging demand for new equipment as the inspection services market grows", said Frost & Sullivan analyst.

However, price remains as a concern. The unpredictability change of the Indian currency and its momentous devaluation has lead to significant price differences between currency value at the time of placing raw material import purchase orders and final delivery, thereby decreasing manufacturers' margins. Till the situation get stabilized , new procurement s are being postponed and adding to NDT equipment suppliers' woes. In addition to price consciousness, customer reluctance to use new technologies too shrinks sales volumes.

Raising understanding on the advantages of NDT equipment among end-user industries, government organizations, and training institutes can bridge the gap between vendors and customers in the Indian market, the analysis states. Mitigating redundant technological features in NDT equipment through customized value addition and also improving automation and ease of use will widen the potential of market. Collective efforts are also required to deliver comprehensive turnkey testing solutions with benefits spread across the value chain, the analysis states. NDT Institute in kerala

THE ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS IN NDT APPLICATIONS

    Manufactures from different domains ranging from industrial to aerospace are preferring Nondestructive testing for quality control technique.

With automated NDT,robots and scanners are used to increase the speed and repeatability factor of NDT techniques, creating much more efficiently produced precision measurements.Automated NDT scanner requirements are needed to achieve high quality control and precision measurements.

Recently many manufacturers of industrial robots have produced robotic manipulators with excellent positional accuracy and repeatability. An industrial robot is defined as an automatically controlled, re-programmable, multipurpose manipulator, programmable in three or more axes.In the spectrum of robot manipulators, some modern robots have appropriate attributes to develop automated NDT systems and subsist with the challenging situations seen in the aerospace industry.

ARTICULATED ARM ROBOTS

Industrial robotic arms present precise articulated mechanical links whose functions are alike to a human arm.Their links are jointed to provide rotational motions and handle objects within a certain volume. Off the shelf industrial robots are recognized as a polyvalent and robust solution for many applications: welding, material handling,palletzing , laser cutting,machine tending, machining, etc.

Comparing to typical Cartesian gantry systems, the concept of an articulated arm provides a system with greater ability. Such robots can help advanced NDT methods if they meet the basic standards of automated NDT testing: data acquisition, repeatability, precision and accuracy.

MOTION CONTROL

The major difficulty of using robotic arms for automated NDT is the proprietary motion controller design that these robot use. With such control, we are rigidly fixed into proprietary programs and limited motion control capabilities. More notably, we have limited control and not enough information of the robot positions when it moves from one point to another. Automated NDT systems require acquiring data on the fly while the robotic arm is moving. So, the motion control system needs to handle extremely fast control changes (fast PID controller loops). For example, in applications that require the robot to move fast and perform contour following motions around a complex surface, smooth and precise trajectories must be maintained during the robot movement. When the PID loops close at a slow pace, the robot will not move on required precise trajectories. This may results in a jumpy motion of the robot and losses of the NDT signal measurements. Current industrial robots offer slow PID control loops, estimated around 10 times less than the required speed to perform fast and accurate NDT scanning of complex parts.

DATA ACQUISITION

Required data acquisition speed is another challenging factor of using industrial robots for NDT application.Capturing NDT data in real time while using a robotic arm is challenging feat because it requires real-time robot position monitoring.That means a direct encoder feedback has to be made available on the robot,which is generally not the case.After being processed by the motion controller unit,all these standard robot controllers will provide low rate of position feedback at around 200 Hz. The rate at which position feedback refreshes itself has a proportional impact on the inspection speed, as the robots “true” position must be attached to each measurement point and no interpolation is allowed.

By working on the main challenges identified above, industrial robots can be replaced eventually by the conventional Cartesian scanners in selected NDT application if motion control functions and encoder feedback monitoring are customized.But at this moment without such refinement in terms of the support data transfer, link and communication protocols, an efficient use of articulated robotic arms for NDT is still a work in progress.

Choose your career in NDT field from best ndt training institute in kochi for a better future.